From 104ca685f1a484110ed73d266c5e1b0145521662 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Aug 2026 16:31:41 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1/2] [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.15.6 → v0.16.3](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.15.6...v0.16.3)
---
 .pre-commit-config.yaml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 3f91485..303c3c5 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ repos:
 
 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
   # Ruff version.
-  rev: v0.15.6
+  rev: v0.16.3
   hooks:
     - id: ruff
       args: [--fix, --exit-non-zero-on-fix]

From b558145615f8248ac81d9d6fb2b532cc4a5ab429 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Aug 2026 16:31:49 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 setup.py                             |  2 +-
 src/biocutils/BooleanList.py         | 13 +++---
 src/biocutils/Factor.py              | 34 +++++++--------
 src/biocutils/FloatList.py           | 13 +++---
 src/biocutils/IntegerList.py         | 13 +++---
 src/biocutils/NamedList.py           | 41 +++++++++---------
 src/biocutils/Names.py               | 25 ++++++-----
 src/biocutils/StringList.py          | 13 +++---
 src/biocutils/__init__.py            | 65 ++++++++++++----------------
 src/biocutils/assign.py              |  3 +-
 src/biocutils/assign_rows.py         |  3 +-
 src/biocutils/assign_sequence.py     |  5 ++-
 src/biocutils/biocobject.py          |  8 ++--
 src/biocutils/duplicated.py          | 11 +++--
 src/biocutils/factorize.py           | 10 ++---
 src/biocutils/intersect.py           |  2 +-
 src/biocutils/is_list_of_type.py     |  6 +--
 src/biocutils/map_to_index.py        |  3 +-
 src/biocutils/match.py               | 21 ++++-----
 src/biocutils/normalize_subscript.py |  7 +--
 src/biocutils/order.py               | 15 ++++---
 src/biocutils/package_utils.py       |  2 -
 src/biocutils/print_truncated.py     | 10 ++---
 src/biocutils/print_wrapped_table.py | 18 ++++----
 src/biocutils/reverse_index.py       |  2 +-
 src/biocutils/show_as_cell.py        |  5 ++-
 src/biocutils/split.py               |  7 +--
 src/biocutils/subset.py              |  3 +-
 src/biocutils/subset_rows.py         |  3 +-
 src/biocutils/subset_sequence.py     |  5 ++-
 src/biocutils/table.py               |  2 +-
 src/biocutils/union.py               |  2 +-
 src/biocutils/which.py               |  4 +-
 33 files changed, 190 insertions(+), 186 deletions(-)

diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 4fbfd79..d0f5a68 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     try:
         setup(use_scm_version={"version_scheme": "no-guess-dev"})
-    except:  # noqa
+    except:
         print(
             "\n\nAn error occurred while building the project, "
             "please ensure you have the most updated version of setuptools, "
diff --git a/src/biocutils/BooleanList.py b/src/biocutils/BooleanList.py
index 12a32f7..67b0a64 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/BooleanList.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/BooleanList.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Iterable, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 from .NamedList import NamedList
 from .Names import Names
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ def __init__(self, data: Sequence) -> None:
         """
         self._data = data
 
-    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> Optional[bool]:
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> bool | None:
         """Get an item and coerce it to boolean.
 
         Args:
@@ -46,8 +47,8 @@ class BooleanList(NamedList):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        data: Optional[Sequence] = None,
-        names: Optional[Names] = None,
+        data: Sequence | None = None,
+        names: Names | None = None,
         _validate: bool = True,
     ):
         """
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ def __init__(
 
         super().__init__(data, names, _validate=_validate)
 
-    def set_value(self, index: Union[int, str], value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> BooleanList:
+    def set_value(self, index: int | str, value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> BooleanList:
         """Calls :py:meth:`~biocutils.NamedList.NamedList.set_value` after coercing ``value`` to a boolean."""
         return super().set_value(index, _coerce_to_bool(value), in_place=in_place)
 
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ def set_slice(self, index: SubscriptTypes, value: Sequence, in_place: bool = Fal
         """Calls :py:meth:`~biocutils.NamedList.NamedList.set_slice` after coercing ``value`` to booleans."""
         return super().set_slice(index, _SubscriptCoercer(value), in_place=in_place)
 
-    def safe_insert(self, index: Union[int, str], value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> BooleanList:
+    def safe_insert(self, index: int | str, value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> BooleanList:
         """Calls :py:meth:`~biocutils.NamedList.NamedList.safe_insert` after coercing ``value`` to a boolean."""
         return super().safe_insert(index, _coerce_to_bool(value), in_place=in_place)
 
diff --git a/src/biocutils/Factor.py b/src/biocutils/Factor.py
index 7162cf7..537da35 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/Factor.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/Factor.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import warnings
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from copy import copy, deepcopy
-from typing import Optional, Sequence, Union
 
 import numpy
 
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def __iter__(self) -> FactorIterator:
         """
         return self
 
-    def __next__(self) -> Union[str, None]:
+    def __next__(self) -> str | None:
         """
         Returns:
             Level corresponding to the code at the current position, or None
@@ -102,10 +102,10 @@ class Factor:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        codes: Union[numpy.ndarray, Sequence[int]],
-        levels: Union[StringList, Sequence[str]],
+        codes: numpy.ndarray | Sequence[int],
+        levels: StringList | Sequence[str],
         ordered: bool = False,
-        names: Optional[Union[Names, Sequence[str]]] = None,
+        names: Names | Sequence[str] | None = None,
         _validate: bool = True,
     ):
         """Initialize a Factor object.
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ def names(self) -> Names:
         """Alias for :py:meth:`~get_names`."""
         return self.get_names()
 
-    def set_names(self, names: Optional[Names], in_place: bool = False) -> "NamedList":
+    def set_names(self, names: Names | None, in_place: bool = False) -> NamedList:
         """
         Args:
             names:
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ def __eq__(self, other: Factor):
     #####>>>> Slicing <<<<#####
     ###########################
 
-    def get_value(self, index: Union[str, int]) -> Union[str, None]:
+    def get_value(self, index: str | int) -> str | None:
         """
         Args:
             index:
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ def get_slice(self, index: SubscriptTypes) -> Factor:
             output._names = subset_sequence(self._names, index)
         return output
 
-    def __getitem__(self, index: SubscriptTypes) -> Union[str, Factor]:
+    def __getitem__(self, index: SubscriptTypes) -> str | Factor:
         """
         If ``index`` is a scalar, this is an alias for :py:meth:`~get_value`.
 
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ def __getitem__(self, index: SubscriptTypes) -> Union[str, Factor]:
         else:
             return self.get_slice(NormalizedSubscript(index))
 
-    def set_value(self, index: Union[str, int], value: Union[str, None], in_place: bool = False) -> Factor:
+    def set_value(self, index: str | int, value: str | None, in_place: bool = False) -> Factor:
         """
         Args:
             index:
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ def set_slice(self, index: SubscriptTypes, value: Factor, in_place: bool = False
 
         return output
 
-    def __setitem__(self, index: SubscriptTypes, value: Union[str, Factor]):
+    def __setitem__(self, index: SubscriptTypes, value: str | Factor):
         """
         If ``index`` is a scalar, this is an alias for :py:meth:`~set_value`.
 
@@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ def replace_levels(
         output._levels = new_levels
         return output
 
-    def set_levels(self, levels: Union[str, Sequence[str]], remap: bool = True, in_place: bool = False) -> Factor:
+    def set_levels(self, levels: str | Sequence[str], remap: bool = True, in_place: bool = False) -> Factor:
         """
         Alias for :py:meth:`~remap_levels` if ``remap = True``, otherwise an
         alias for :py:meth:`~replace_levels`. The first alias is deprecated and
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ def set_levels(self, levels: Union[str, Sequence[str]], remap: bool = True, in_p
         else:
             return self.replace_levels(levels, in_place=in_place)
 
-    def remap_levels(self, levels: Union[str, Sequence[str]], in_place: bool = False) -> Factor:
+    def remap_levels(self, levels: str | Sequence[str], in_place: bool = False) -> Factor:
         """Remap codes to a replacement list of levels. Each entry of the
         remapped ``Factor`` will refer to the same string across the old and
         new levels, provided that string is present in both sets of levels.
@@ -723,10 +723,10 @@ def to_pandas(self):
     @staticmethod
     def from_sequence(
         x: Sequence[str],
-        levels: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        levels: Sequence[str] | None = None,
         sort_levels: bool = True,
         ordered: bool = False,
-        names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> Factor:
         """Convert a sequence of hashable values into a factor.
@@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ def as_list(self) -> list:
         """
         return [self._levels[c] if c >= 0 else None for c in self._codes]
 
-    def safe_delete(self, index: Union[int, str, slice], in_place: bool = False) -> Factor:
+    def safe_delete(self, index: int | str | slice, in_place: bool = False) -> Factor:
         """
         Args:
             index:
@@ -810,11 +810,11 @@ def safe_delete(self, index: Union[int, str, slice], in_place: bool = False) ->
 
         return output
 
-    def delete(self, index: Union[int, str, slice]):
+    def delete(self, index: int | str | slice):
         """Alias for :py:meth:`~safe_delete` with ``in_place = True``."""
         self.safe_delete(index, in_place=True)
 
-    def __delitem__(self, index: Union[int, str, slice]):
+    def __delitem__(self, index: int | str | slice):
         """Alias for :py:meth:`~delete`."""
         self.delete(index)
 
diff --git a/src/biocutils/FloatList.py b/src/biocutils/FloatList.py
index 5ddd4cc..417c62e 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/FloatList.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/FloatList.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Iterable, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 from .NamedList import NamedList
 from .Names import Names
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ def __init__(self, data: Sequence) -> None:
         """
         self._data = data
 
-    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> Optional[float]:
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> float | None:
         """Get an item and coerce it to float.
 
         Args:
@@ -49,8 +50,8 @@ class FloatList(NamedList):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        data: Optional[Sequence] = None,
-        names: Optional[Names] = None,
+        data: Sequence | None = None,
+        names: Names | None = None,
         _validate: bool = True,
     ):
         """
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ def __init__(
 
         super().__init__(data, names, _validate=_validate)
 
-    def set_value(self, index: Union[int, str], value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> FloatList:
+    def set_value(self, index: int | str, value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> FloatList:
         """Calls :py:meth:`~biocutils.NamedList.NamedList.set_value` after coercing ``value`` to a float."""
         return super().set_value(index, _coerce_to_float(value), in_place=in_place)
 
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ def set_slice(self, index: SubscriptTypes, value: Sequence, in_place: bool = Fal
         """Calls :py:meth:`~biocutils.NamedList.NamedList.set_slice` after coercing ``value`` to floats."""
         return super().set_slice(index, _SubscriptCoercer(value), in_place=in_place)
 
-    def safe_insert(self, index: Union[int, str], value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> FloatList:
+    def safe_insert(self, index: int | str, value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> FloatList:
         """Calls :py:meth:`~biocutils.NamedList.NamedList.safe_insert` after coercing ``value`` to a float."""
         return super().safe_insert(index, _coerce_to_float(value), in_place=in_place)
 
diff --git a/src/biocutils/IntegerList.py b/src/biocutils/IntegerList.py
index a88e726..68ca0cd 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/IntegerList.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/IntegerList.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Iterable, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 from .NamedList import NamedList
 from .Names import Names
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ def __init__(self, data: Sequence) -> None:
         """
         self._data = data
 
-    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> Optional[int]:
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> int | None:
         """Get an item and coerce it to integer.
 
         Args:
@@ -51,8 +52,8 @@ class IntegerList(NamedList):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        data: Optional[Sequence] = None,
-        names: Optional[Names] = None,
+        data: Sequence | None = None,
+        names: Names | None = None,
         _validate: bool = True,
     ):
         """
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ def __init__(
                     data = list(_coerce_to_int(item) for item in original)
         super().__init__(data, names, _validate=_validate)
 
-    def set_value(self, index: Union[int, str], value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> IntegerList:
+    def set_value(self, index: int | str, value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> IntegerList:
         """Calls :py:meth:`~biocutils.NamedList.NamedList.set_value` after coercing ``value`` to a integer."""
         return super().set_value(index, _coerce_to_int(value), in_place=in_place)
 
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ def set_slice(self, index: SubscriptTypes, value: Sequence, in_place: bool = Fal
         """Calls :py:meth:`~biocutils.NamedList.NamedList.set_slice` after coercing ``value`` to integers."""
         return super().set_slice(index, _SubscriptCoercer(value), in_place=in_place)
 
-    def safe_insert(self, index: Union[int, str], value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> IntegerList:
+    def safe_insert(self, index: int | str, value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> IntegerList:
         """Calls :py:meth:`~biocutils.NamedList.NamedList.safe_insert` after coercing ``value`` to a integer."""
         return super().safe_insert(index, _coerce_to_int(value), in_place=in_place)
 
diff --git a/src/biocutils/NamedList.py b/src/biocutils/NamedList.py
index d421924..fc0cb95 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/NamedList.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/NamedList.py
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
 from copy import deepcopy
-from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 from .assign_sequence import assign_sequence
 from .combine_sequences import combine_sequences
@@ -23,8 +24,8 @@ class NamedList:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        data: Optional[Sequence] = None,
-        names: Optional[Names] = None,
+        data: Sequence | None = None,
+        names: Names | None = None,
         _validate: bool = True,
     ):
         """
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ def __len__(self) -> int:
         """
         return len(self._data)
 
-    def __iter__(self) -> "list_iterator":
+    def __iter__(self) -> list_iterator:
         """
         Returns:
             An iterator on the underlying list of data.
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ def __eq__(self, other: NamedList) -> bool:
     #####>>>> Get/set names <<<<#####
     #################################
 
-    def get_names(self) -> Optional[Names]:
+    def get_names(self) -> Names | None:
         """
         Returns:
             Names for the list elements.
@@ -125,14 +126,14 @@ def get_names(self) -> Optional[Names]:
         return self._names
 
     @property
-    def names(self) -> Optional[Names]:
+    def names(self) -> Names | None:
         """Alias for :py:meth:`~get_names`."""
         return self.get_names()
 
     def _shallow_copy(self):
         return type(self)(self._data, self._names, _validate=False)
 
-    def set_names(self, names: Optional[Names], in_place: bool = False) -> NamedList:
+    def set_names(self, names: Names | None, in_place: bool = False) -> NamedList:
         """
         Args:
             names:
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ def set_names(self, names: Optional[Names], in_place: bool = False) -> NamedList
         output._names = _sanitize_names(names, len(self))
         return output
 
-    def get_name(self, index: int) -> Optional[str]:
+    def get_name(self, index: int) -> str | None:
         """Get name at an index.
 
         Args:
@@ -171,7 +172,7 @@ def get_name(self, index: int) -> Optional[str]:
     #####>>>> Get/set items <<<<#####
     #################################
 
-    def get_value(self, index: Union[str, int]) -> Any:
+    def get_value(self, index: str | int) -> Any:
         """Get value at an index.
 
         Args:
@@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ def get_slice(self, index: SubscriptTypes) -> NamedList:
             outnames = subset_sequence(self._names, index)
         return type(self)(outdata, outnames, _validate=False)
 
-    def __getitem__(self, index: SubscriptTypes) -> Union[NamedList, Any]:
+    def __getitem__(self, index: SubscriptTypes) -> NamedList | Any:
         """
         If ``index`` is a scalar, this is an alias for :py:meth:`~get_value`.
 
@@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ def __getitem__(self, index: SubscriptTypes) -> Union[NamedList, Any]:
         else:
             return self.get_slice(NormalizedSubscript(index))
 
-    def set_value(self, index: Union[str, int], value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> NamedList:
+    def set_value(self, index: str | int, value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> NamedList:
         """
         Args:
             index:
@@ -335,7 +336,7 @@ def _define_output(self, in_place: bool) -> NamedList:
         else:
             return self.copy()
 
-    def safe_insert(self, index: Union[int, str], value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> NamedList:
+    def safe_insert(self, index: int | str, value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> NamedList:
         """
         Args:
             index:
@@ -363,7 +364,7 @@ def safe_insert(self, index: Union[int, str], value: Any, in_place: bool = False
             output._names.insert(index, "")
         return output
 
-    def insert(self, index: Union[int, str], value: Any):
+    def insert(self, index: int | str, value: Any):
         """Alias for :py:meth:`~safe_insert` with ``in_place = True``."""
         self.safe_insert(index, value, in_place=True)
 
@@ -435,7 +436,7 @@ def __iadd__(self, other: list):
         self.extend(other)
         return self
 
-    def safe_delete(self, index: Union[int, str, slice], in_place: bool = False) -> NamedList:
+    def safe_delete(self, index: int | str | slice, in_place: bool = False) -> NamedList:
         """
         Args:
             index:
@@ -468,11 +469,11 @@ def safe_delete(self, index: Union[int, str, slice], in_place: bool = False) ->
 
         return output
 
-    def delete(self, index: Union[int, str, slice]):
+    def delete(self, index: int | str | slice):
         """Alias for :py:meth:`~safe_delete` with ``in_place = True``."""
         self.safe_delete(index, in_place=True)
 
-    def __delitem__(self, index: Union[int, str, slice]):
+    def __delitem__(self, index: int | str | slice):
         """Alias for :py:meth:`~delete`."""
         self.delete(index)
 
@@ -496,7 +497,7 @@ def values(self) -> Iterable[Any]:
         """
         return iter(self._data)
 
-    def items(self) -> Iterable[Tuple[str, Any]]:
+    def items(self) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Any]]:
         """
         Returns:
             Iterator over (name, value) pairs.
@@ -507,7 +508,7 @@ def items(self) -> Iterable[Tuple[str, Any]]:
         else:
             return zip((str(i) for i in range(len(self))), self._data)
 
-    def get(self, key: Union[str, int], default: Any = None) -> Any:
+    def get(self, key: str | int, default: Any = None) -> Any:
         """
         Args:
             key:
@@ -576,7 +577,7 @@ def as_list(self) -> list:
         """
         return self._data
 
-    def as_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def as_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """
         Returns:
             A dictionary where the keys are the names and the values are the
@@ -611,7 +612,7 @@ def from_dict(cls, x: dict) -> NamedList:
             A instance where the list elements are the values of
             ``x`` and the names are the stringified keys.
         """
-        return cls(list(x.values()), names=Names(str(y) for y in x.keys()))
+        return cls(list(x.values()), names=Names(str(y) for y in x))
 
 
 @subset_sequence.register
diff --git a/src/biocutils/Names.py b/src/biocutils/Names.py
index 1047f79..f869175 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/Names.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/Names.py
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Sequence
 from copy import deepcopy
-from typing import Any, Callable, Iterable, List, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from typing import Any, Union
 
 from .assign_sequence import assign_sequence
 from .combine_sequences import combine_sequences
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ class Names:
     such that callers can get or set elements by name instead of position.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, names: Optional[Iterable] = None, _validate: bool = True):
+    def __init__(self, names: Iterable | None = None, _validate: bool = True):
         """
         Args:
             names:
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ def __len__(self) -> int:
         """
         return len(self._names)
 
-    def __iter__(self) -> "list_iterator":
+    def __iter__(self) -> list_iterator:
         """
         Returns:
             An iterator on the underlying list of names.
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ def __eq__(self, other: Names) -> bool:
             return False
         return self._names == other._names
 
-    def as_list(self) -> List[str]:
+    def as_list(self) -> list[str]:
         """
         Returns:
             List of strings containing the names.
@@ -160,7 +161,7 @@ def get_slice(self, index: SubscriptTypes) -> Names:
         index, scalar = normalize_subscript(index, len(self), None)
         return type(self)(subset_sequence(self._names, index), _validate=False)
 
-    def __getitem__(self, index: SubscriptTypes) -> Union[str, Names]:
+    def __getitem__(self, index: SubscriptTypes) -> str | Names:
         """
         If ``index`` is a scalar, this is an alias for :py:attr:`~get_value`.
 
@@ -339,7 +340,7 @@ def __iadd__(self, other: list):
         self.extend(other)
         return self
 
-    def safe_delete(self, index: Union[int, slice], in_place: bool = False) -> Names:
+    def safe_delete(self, index: int | slice, in_place: bool = False) -> Names:
         """
         Args:
             index:
@@ -360,11 +361,11 @@ def safe_delete(self, index: Union[int, slice], in_place: bool = False) -> Names
         del output._names[index]
         return output
 
-    def delete(self, index: Union[int, slice]):
+    def delete(self, index: int | slice):
         """Alias for :py:attr:`~safe_delete` with ``in_place = True``."""
         self.safe_delete(index, in_place=True)
 
-    def __delitem__(self, index: Union[int, slice]):
+    def __delitem__(self, index: int | slice):
         """Alias for :py:attr:`~delete`."""
         self.delete(index)
 
@@ -427,7 +428,7 @@ def _combine_sequences_Names(*x: Names) -> Names:
     return output
 
 
-def _name_to_position(names: Optional[Names], index: str) -> int:
+def _name_to_position(names: Names | None, index: str) -> int:
     i = -1
     if names is not None:
         i = names.map(index)
@@ -436,14 +437,14 @@ def _name_to_position(names: Optional[Names], index: str) -> int:
     return i
 
 
-def _validate_names(names: Optional[Names], length: int) -> bool:
+def _validate_names(names: Names | None, length: int) -> bool:
     if names is not None and len(names) != length:
         raise ValueError("length of 'names' must be equal to number of entries (" + str(length) + ")")
 
     return True
 
 
-def _sanitize_names(names: Optional[Names], length: int) -> Optional[Names]:
+def _sanitize_names(names: Names | None, length: int) -> Names | None:
     if names is None:
         return names
     if not isinstance(names, Names):
@@ -453,7 +454,7 @@ def _sanitize_names(names: Optional[Names], length: int) -> Optional[Names]:
     return names
 
 
-def _combine_names(*x: Any, get_names: Callable) -> Optional[Names]:
+def _combine_names(*x: Any, get_names: Callable) -> Names | None:
     all_names = []
     has_names = False
     for y in x:
diff --git a/src/biocutils/StringList.py b/src/biocutils/StringList.py
index dee7f17..95a34e3 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/StringList.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/StringList.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Iterable, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 from .NamedList import NamedList
 from .Names import Names
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ def __init__(self, data: Sequence) -> None:
         """
         self._data = data
 
-    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> Optional[str]:
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> str | None:
         """Get an item and coerce it to string.
 
         Args:
@@ -44,8 +45,8 @@ class StringList(NamedList):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        data: Optional[Sequence] = None,
-        names: Optional[Names] = None,
+        data: Sequence | None = None,
+        names: Names | None = None,
         _validate: bool = True,
     ):
         """
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ def __init__(
                     data = list(_coerce_to_str(item) for item in original)
         super().__init__(data, names, _validate=_validate)
 
-    def set_value(self, index: Union[int, str], value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> StringList:
+    def set_value(self, index: int | str, value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> StringList:
         """Calls :py:meth:`~biocutils.NamedList.NamedList.set_value` after coercing ``value`` to a string."""
         return super().set_value(index, _coerce_to_str(value), in_place=in_place)
 
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ def set_slice(self, index: SubscriptTypes, value: Sequence, in_place: bool = Fal
         """Calls :py:meth:`~biocutils.NamedList.NamedList.set_slice` after coercing ``value`` to strings."""
         return super().set_slice(index, _SubscriptCoercer(value), in_place=in_place)
 
-    def safe_insert(self, index: Union[int, str], value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> StringList:
+    def safe_insert(self, index: int | str, value: Any, in_place: bool = False) -> StringList:
         """Calls :py:meth:`~biocutils.NamedList.NamedList.safe_insert` after coercing ``value`` to a string."""
         return super().safe_insert(index, _coerce_to_str(value), in_place=in_place)
 
diff --git a/src/biocutils/__init__.py b/src/biocutils/__init__.py
index 61ae709..fb97379 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/__init__.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/__init__.py
@@ -15,55 +15,44 @@
 finally:
     del version, PackageNotFoundError
 
-from .Factor import Factor
-from .StringList import StringList
-from .IntegerList import IntegerList
-from .FloatList import FloatList
+from .assign import assign
+from .assign_rows import assign_rows
+from .assign_sequence import assign_sequence
+from .biocobject import BiocObject
 from .BooleanList import BooleanList
-from .Names import Names
-from .NamedList import NamedList
-
+from .combine import combine
+from .combine_columns import combine_columns
+from .combine_rows import combine_rows
+from .combine_sequences import combine_sequences
+from .convert_to_dense import convert_to_dense
+from .duplicated import duplicated, unique
+from .extract_column_names import extract_column_names
+from .extract_row_names import extract_row_names
+from .Factor import Factor
 from .factorize import factorize
+from .FloatList import FloatList
+from .get_height import get_height
+from .IntegerList import IntegerList
 from .intersect import intersect
+from .is_high_dimensional import is_high_dimensional
 from .is_list_of_type import is_list_of_type
 from .is_missing_scalar import is_missing_scalar
 from .map_to_index import map_to_index
-from .match import match, create_match_index, MatchIndex
-from .normalize_subscript import normalize_subscript, SubscriptTypes
+from .match import MatchIndex, create_match_index, match
+from .NamedList import NamedList
+from .Names import Names
+from .normalize_subscript import SubscriptTypes, normalize_subscript
+from .order import order, sort
 from .print_truncated import print_truncated, print_truncated_dict, print_truncated_list
 from .print_wrapped_table import create_floating_names, print_type, print_wrapped_table, truncate_strings
-from .union import union
-
-from .combine import combine
-from .combine_rows import combine_rows
-from .combine_columns import combine_columns
-from .combine_sequences import combine_sequences
-
 from .relaxed_combine_columns import relaxed_combine_columns
 from .relaxed_combine_rows import relaxed_combine_rows
-
-from .extract_row_names import extract_row_names
-from .extract_column_names import extract_column_names
-
+from .show_as_cell import show_as_cell
+from .split import split
+from .StringList import StringList
 from .subset import subset
 from .subset_rows import subset_rows
 from .subset_sequence import subset_sequence
-
-from .which import which
-
-from .assign import assign
-from .assign_rows import assign_rows
-from .assign_sequence import assign_sequence
-
-from .show_as_cell import show_as_cell
-from .convert_to_dense import convert_to_dense
-
-from .get_height import get_height
-from .is_high_dimensional import is_high_dimensional
-
-from .biocobject import BiocObject
 from .table import table
-
-from .order import order, sort
-from .duplicated import duplicated, unique
-from .split import split
+from .union import union
+from .which import which
diff --git a/src/biocutils/assign.py b/src/biocutils/assign.py
index 875033d..abe8add 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/assign.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/assign.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from typing import Any, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 from .assign_rows import assign_rows
 from .assign_sequence import assign_sequence
diff --git a/src/biocutils/assign_rows.py b/src/biocutils/assign_rows.py
index ada797b..7c4e146 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/assign_rows.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/assign_rows.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from copy import deepcopy
 from functools import singledispatch
-from typing import Any, Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 import numpy
 
diff --git a/src/biocutils/assign_sequence.py b/src/biocutils/assign_sequence.py
index d6b23d8..cd73d24 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/assign_sequence.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/assign_sequence.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from copy import deepcopy
 from functools import singledispatch
-from typing import Any, Sequence, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 import numpy
 
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ def _assign_sequence_numpy(x: numpy.ndarray, indices: Sequence[int], replacement
 
 
 @assign_sequence.register
-def _assign_sequence_range(x: range, indices: Sequence[int], replacement: Any) -> Union[range, list]:
+def _assign_sequence_range(x: range, indices: Sequence[int], replacement: Any) -> range | list:
     if (
         isinstance(replacement, range)
         and isinstance(indices, range)
diff --git a/src/biocutils/biocobject.py b/src/biocutils/biocobject.py
index 422b7a6..5d17fad 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/biocobject.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/biocobject.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import copy
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any
 from warnings import warn
 
 from .NamedList import NamedList
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class BiocObject:
     Provides a standardized `metadata` slot and copy-on-write semantics.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, metadata: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], NamedList]] = None, _validate: bool = True) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, metadata: dict[str, Any] | NamedList | None = None, _validate: bool = True) -> None:
         """Initialize the BiocObject.
 
         Args:
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ def metadata(self) -> NamedList:
         return self._metadata
 
     @metadata.setter
-    def metadata(self, metadata: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], NamedList]]) -> None:
+    def metadata(self, metadata: dict[str, Any] | NamedList | None) -> None:
         """Set metadata in-place."""
         warn(
             "Setting property 'metadata' is an in-place operation, use 'set_metadata' instead",
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ def get_metadata(self) -> NamedList:
         """Alias for :py:attr:`~metadata` getter."""
         return self.metadata
 
-    def set_metadata(self, metadata: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], NamedList]], in_place: bool = False) -> BiocObject:
+    def set_metadata(self, metadata: dict[str, Any] | NamedList | None, in_place: bool = False) -> BiocObject:
         """Set new metadata.
 
         Args:
diff --git a/src/biocutils/duplicated.py b/src/biocutils/duplicated.py
index 303af2a..8202cea 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/duplicated.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/duplicated.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from functools import singledispatch
-from typing import Any, Sequence, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 import numpy
 
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@
 
 
 @singledispatch
-def duplicated(x: Any, incomparables: Union[set, Sequence] = set(), from_last: bool = False) -> numpy.ndarray:
+def duplicated(x: Any, incomparables: set | Sequence = set(), from_last: bool = False) -> numpy.ndarray:
     """
     Find duplicated elements of ``x``.
 
@@ -101,9 +102,7 @@ def process(i, y):
 
 
 @duplicated.register
-def _duplicated_Factor(
-    x: Factor, incomparables: Union[set, Sequence] = set(), from_last: bool = False
-) -> numpy.ndarray:
+def _duplicated_Factor(x: Factor, incomparables: set | Sequence = set(), from_last: bool = False) -> numpy.ndarray:
     present = []
     for lev in x.get_levels():
         if lev in incomparables:
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ def process(i, y):
     return output
 
 
-def unique(x: Any, incomparables: Union[set, Sequence] = set(), from_last: bool = False) -> Any:
+def unique(x: Any, incomparables: set | Sequence = set(), from_last: bool = False) -> Any:
     """
     Get all unique values of ``x``.
 
diff --git a/src/biocutils/factorize.py b/src/biocutils/factorize.py
index 904d24d..b1ef2dd 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/factorize.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/factorize.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Optional, Sequence, Tuple
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 
 import numpy
 
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@
 
 def factorize(
     x: Sequence,
-    levels: Optional[Sequence] = None,
+    levels: Sequence | None = None,
     sort_levels: bool = False,
-    dtype: Optional[numpy.dtype] = None,
-    fail_missing: Optional[bool] = None,
-) -> Tuple[list, numpy.ndarray]:
+    dtype: numpy.dtype | None = None,
+    fail_missing: bool | None = None,
+) -> tuple[list, numpy.ndarray]:
     """Convert a sequence of hashable values into a factor.
 
     Args:
diff --git a/src/biocutils/intersect.py b/src/biocutils/intersect.py
index f441492..7b0f5cf 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/intersect.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/intersect.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Sequence
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 
 from .is_missing_scalar import is_missing_scalar
 from .map_to_index import DUPLICATE_METHOD
diff --git a/src/biocutils/is_list_of_type.py b/src/biocutils/is_list_of_type.py
index 5f0ff54..1410fe0 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/is_list_of_type.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/is_list_of_type.py
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-from typing import Callable, Union
+from collections.abc import Callable
 
 import numpy as np
-import numpy.ma as ma
+from numpy import ma
 
 __author__ = "jkanche"
 __copyright__ = "jkanche"
 __license__ = "MIT"
 
 
-def is_list_of_type(x: Union[list, tuple], target_type: Callable, ignore_none: bool = False) -> bool:
+def is_list_of_type(x: list | tuple, target_type: Callable, ignore_none: bool = False) -> bool:
     """Checks if ``x`` is a list, and whether all elements of the list are of the same type.
 
     Args:
diff --git a/src/biocutils/map_to_index.py b/src/biocutils/map_to_index.py
index fc50b6d..22eca0f 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/map_to_index.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/map_to_index.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from typing import Literal, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Literal
 
 from .is_missing_scalar import is_missing_scalar
 
diff --git a/src/biocutils/match.py b/src/biocutils/match.py
index 1ebaaf1..b9a60cc 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/match.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/match.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from functools import singledispatch
-from typing import Any, Literal, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from typing import Any, Literal
 
 import numpy
 
@@ -14,9 +15,9 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         targets: Any,
         duplicate_method: Literal["first", "last", "any"] = "first",
-        incomparables: Union[set, Sequence] = set(),
-        dtype: Optional[numpy.dtype] = None,
-        fail_missing: Optional[bool] = None,
+        incomparables: set | Sequence = set(),
+        dtype: numpy.dtype | None = None,
+        fail_missing: bool | None = None,
     ):
         """
         Args:
@@ -141,9 +142,9 @@ def match(self, x: Any) -> numpy.ndarray:
 def create_match_index(
     targets: Any,
     duplicate_method: Literal["first", "last", "any"] = "first",
-    incomparables: Union[set, Sequence] = set(),
-    dtype: Optional[numpy.dtype] = None,
-    fail_missing: Optional[bool] = None,
+    incomparables: set | Sequence = set(),
+    dtype: numpy.dtype | None = None,
+    fail_missing: bool | None = None,
 ) -> MatchIndex:
     """
     Create a index for matching an arbitrary sequence against ``targets``.
@@ -229,9 +230,9 @@ def match(
     x: Any,
     targets: Any,
     duplicate_method: Literal["first", "last", "any"] = "first",
-    incomparables: Union[set, Sequence] = set(),
-    dtype: Optional[numpy.dtype] = None,
-    fail_missing: Optional[bool] = None,
+    incomparables: set | Sequence = set(),
+    dtype: numpy.dtype | None = None,
+    fail_missing: bool | None = None,
 ) -> numpy.ndarray:
     """
     Find a matching value of each element of ``x`` in ``targets``.
diff --git a/src/biocutils/normalize_subscript.py b/src/biocutils/normalize_subscript.py
index e41bb92..f9ad762 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/normalize_subscript.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/normalize_subscript.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from typing import Any, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Union
 
 import numpy
 
@@ -63,9 +64,9 @@ def __len__(self) -> int:
 def normalize_subscript(
     sub: SubscriptTypes,
     length: int,
-    names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
     non_negative_only: bool = True,
-) -> Tuple[Sequence[int], bool]:
+) -> tuple[Sequence[int], bool]:
     """Normalize a subscript into a sequence of integer indices.
 
     Normalize a subscript for ``__getitem__`` or friends into a sequence of
diff --git a/src/biocutils/order.py b/src/biocutils/order.py
index dacefca..17f9581 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/order.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/order.py
@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
-from typing import Any, Union, Sequence, Optional
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from functools import singledispatch
+from typing import Any
 
 import numpy
 
-from .subset import subset
 from .Factor import Factor
+from .subset import subset
 
 
 @singledispatch
 def order(
     x: Any,
-    force_last: Union[set, Sequence] = [None, numpy.ma.masked, numpy.nan],
+    force_last: set | Sequence = [None, numpy.ma.masked, numpy.nan],
     decreasing: bool = False,
-    dtype: Optional[numpy.dtype] = None,
+    dtype: numpy.dtype | None = None,
 ) -> numpy.ndarray:
     """
     Obtain an ordering of entries of ``x``.
@@ -150,9 +151,9 @@ def key(i):
 @order.register
 def _order_Factor(
     x: Factor,
-    force_last: Union[set, Sequence] = set([None]),
+    force_last: set | Sequence = set([None]),
     decreasing: bool = False,
-    dtype: Optional[numpy.dtype] = None,
+    dtype: numpy.dtype | None = None,
 ) -> numpy.ndarray:
     new_force_last = set()
     for i, lev in enumerate(x.get_levels()):
@@ -166,7 +167,7 @@ def _order_Factor(
 
 
 @singledispatch
-def sort(x: Any, force_last: Union[set, Sequence] = [None, numpy.ma.masked], decreasing: bool = False) -> Any:
+def sort(x: Any, force_last: set | Sequence = [None, numpy.ma.masked], decreasing: bool = False) -> Any:
     """
     Sort an arbitrary iterable sequence.
 
diff --git a/src/biocutils/package_utils.py b/src/biocutils/package_utils.py
index 55238e5..1f01bdc 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/package_utils.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/package_utils.py
@@ -21,6 +21,4 @@ def is_package_installed(package_name: str, verbose: bool = False) -> bool:
         if verbose:
             print(f"Package '{package_name}' is not installed.")
 
-        pass
-
     return _installed
diff --git a/src/biocutils/print_truncated.py b/src/biocutils/print_truncated.py
index 11b529a..d2b1018 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/print_truncated.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/print_truncated.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Callable, Dict, List, Optional
+from collections.abc import Callable
 
 
 def print_truncated(x, truncated_to: int = 3, full_threshold: int = 10) -> str:
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ def print_truncated(x, truncated_to: int = 3, full_threshold: int = 10) -> str:
 
 
 def print_truncated_list(
-    x: List,
+    x: list,
     truncated_to: int = 3,
     full_threshold: int = 10,
-    transform: Optional[Callable] = None,
+    transform: Callable | None = None,
     sep: str = ", ",
     include_brackets: bool = True,
 ) -> str:
@@ -87,10 +87,10 @@ def transform(y):
 
 
 def print_truncated_dict(
-    x: Dict,
+    x: dict,
     truncated_to: int = 3,
     full_threshold: int = 10,
-    transform: Optional[Callable] = None,
+    transform: Callable | None = None,
     sep: str = ", ",
     include_brackets: bool = True,
 ) -> str:
diff --git a/src/biocutils/print_wrapped_table.py b/src/biocutils/print_wrapped_table.py
index 447c8e7..20173f6 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/print_wrapped_table.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/print_wrapped_table.py
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
-from typing import Any, List, Optional, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 import numpy
 
 from .subset_sequence import subset_sequence
 
 
-def _get_max_width(col: List[str]):
+def _get_max_width(col: list[str]):
     width = 0
     for y in col:
-        if len(y) > width:
-            width = len(y)
+        width = max(width, len(y))
     return width
 
 
 def print_wrapped_table(
-    columns: List[Sequence[str]],
-    floating_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    columns: list[Sequence[str]],
+    floating_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
     sep: str = " ",
-    window: Optional[int] = None,
+    window: int | None = None,
 ) -> str:
     """Pretty-print a table with aligned and wrapped columns. All column contents are padded so that they are right-
     justified. Wrapping is performed whenever a new column would exceed the window width, in which case the entire
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ def reinitialize():
     return output
 
 
-def create_floating_names(names: Optional[List[str]], indices: Sequence[int]) -> List[str]:
+def create_floating_names(names: list[str] | None, indices: Sequence[int]) -> list[str]:
     """Create the floating names to use in :py:meth:`~print_wrapped_table`. If no names are present, positional indices
     are used instead.
 
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ def create_floating_names(names: Optional[List[str]], indices: Sequence[int]) ->
         return ["[" + str(i) + "]" for i in indices]
 
 
-def truncate_strings(values: List[str], width: int = 40) -> List[str]:
+def truncate_strings(values: list[str], width: int = 40) -> list[str]:
     """Truncate long strings for printing in :py:meth:`~print_wrapped_table`.
 
     Args:
diff --git a/src/biocutils/reverse_index.py b/src/biocutils/reverse_index.py
index 4d1f2e0..e930711 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/reverse_index.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/reverse_index.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Sequence
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 
 
 def build_reverse_index(obj: Sequence[str]) -> dict:
diff --git a/src/biocutils/show_as_cell.py b/src/biocutils/show_as_cell.py
index 072c17f..5c4f3fb 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/show_as_cell.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/show_as_cell.py
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from functools import singledispatch
-from typing import Any, List, Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 
 @singledispatch
-def show_as_cell(x: Any, indices: Sequence[int]) -> List[str]:
+def show_as_cell(x: Any, indices: Sequence[int]) -> list[str]:
     """
     Show the contents of ``x`` as a cell of a table, typically for use in the
     ``__str__`` method of a class that contains ``x``.
diff --git a/src/biocutils/split.py b/src/biocutils/split.py
index 20bb769..ccb24b5 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/split.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/split.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from functools import singledispatch
-from typing import Any, Sequence, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 import numpy
 
@@ -14,10 +15,10 @@
 def split(
     x: Any,
     f: Sequence,
-    skip: Union[set, Sequence] = [None, numpy.ma.masked],
+    skip: set | Sequence = [None, numpy.ma.masked],
     drop: bool = False,
     as_NamedList: bool = False,
-) -> Union[dict, NamedList]:
+) -> dict | NamedList:
     """
     Split a sequence ``x`` into groups defined by a categorical factor ``f``.
 
diff --git a/src/biocutils/subset.py b/src/biocutils/subset.py
index 7ef1260..3363a4c 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/subset.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/subset.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from typing import Any, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 from .is_high_dimensional import is_high_dimensional
 from .subset_rows import subset_rows
diff --git a/src/biocutils/subset_rows.py b/src/biocutils/subset_rows.py
index e5b31cb..0fde0ef 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/subset_rows.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/subset_rows.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from functools import singledispatch
-from typing import Any, Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 import numpy
 
diff --git a/src/biocutils/subset_sequence.py b/src/biocutils/subset_sequence.py
index 1c39517..d7e0c3e 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/subset_sequence.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/subset_sequence.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from functools import singledispatch
-from typing import Any, Sequence, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 
 @singledispatch
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ def _subset_sequence_list(x: list, indices: Sequence[int]) -> list:
 
 
 @subset_sequence.register
-def _subset_sequence_range(x: range, indices: Sequence[int]) -> Union[list, range]:
+def _subset_sequence_range(x: range, indices: Sequence[int]) -> list | range:
     """Subset a range by indices.
 
     Args:
diff --git a/src/biocutils/table.py b/src/biocutils/table.py
index 72d06f5..8b175da 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/table.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/table.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from functools import singledispatch
-from typing import Sequence
 
 from .IntegerList import IntegerList
 
diff --git a/src/biocutils/union.py b/src/biocutils/union.py
index 78e3949..1ca5628 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/union.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/union.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Sequence
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 
 from .is_missing_scalar import is_missing_scalar
 from .map_to_index import DUPLICATE_METHOD
diff --git a/src/biocutils/which.py b/src/biocutils/which.py
index ca7a863..9008e72 100644
--- a/src/biocutils/which.py
+++ b/src/biocutils/which.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-from typing import Optional, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 
 import numpy
 
 
 def which(
     x: Sequence,
-    dtype: Optional[numpy.dtype] = None,
+    dtype: numpy.dtype | None = None,
 ) -> numpy.ndarray:
     """Report the indices of all elements of ``x`` that are truthy.