diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 3f91485..be68631 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ repos:
 
 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
   # Ruff version.
-  rev: v0.15.6
+  rev: v0.16.1
   hooks:
     - id: ruff
       args: [--fix, --exit-non-zero-on-fix]
diff --git a/perf/genomicranges.ipynb b/perf/genomicranges.ipynb
index 4486a48..211d7ae 100644
--- a/perf/genomicranges.ipynb
+++ b/perf/genomicranges.ipynb
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
    "source": [
     "import biobear as bb\n",
     "\n",
-    "\n",
     "session = bb.new_session()\n",
     "\n",
     "bed = session.read_bed_file(\"consensus_peaks_bicnn.bed\", bb.BEDReadOptions(n_fields=4))"
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index dae5e5c..ef5a5a6 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     try:
         setup(use_scm_version={"version_scheme": "no-guess-dev"})
-    except:  # noqa
+    except:
         print(
             "\n\nAn error occurred while building the project, "
             "please ensure you have the most updated version of setuptools, "
diff --git a/src/genomicranges/GenomicRanges.py b/src/genomicranges/GenomicRanges.py
index 17a1373..9f998ce 100644
--- a/src/genomicranges/GenomicRanges.py
+++ b/src/genomicranges/GenomicRanges.py
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from multiprocessing import Pool, cpu_count
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Literal, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Literal
 from warnings import warn
 
 import biocutils as ut
@@ -129,11 +130,11 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         seqnames: Sequence[str],
         ranges: IRanges,
-        strand: Optional[Union[Sequence[str], Sequence[int], np.ndarray]] = None,
-        names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None,
-        mcols: Optional[BiocFrame] = None,
-        seqinfo: Optional[SeqInfo] = None,
-        metadata: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], ut.NamedList]] = None,
+        strand: Sequence[str] | Sequence[int] | np.ndarray | None = None,
+        names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        mcols: BiocFrame | None = None,
+        seqinfo: SeqInfo | None = None,
+        metadata: dict[str, Any] | ut.NamedList | None = None,
         _validate: bool = True,
     ):
         """Initialize a ``GenomicRanges`` object.
@@ -437,7 +438,7 @@ def __str__(self) -> str:
     ######>> seqnames <<######
     ##########################
 
-    def get_seqnames(self, as_type: Literal["factor", "list"] = "list") -> Union[ut.Factor, List[str]]:
+    def get_seqnames(self, as_type: Literal["factor", "list"] = "list") -> ut.Factor | list[str]:
         """Access sequence names.
 
         Args:
@@ -459,7 +460,7 @@ def get_seqnames(self, as_type: Literal["factor", "list"] = "list") -> Union[ut.
         else:
             raise ValueError("Argument 'as_type' must be 'factor' or 'list'.")
 
-    def set_seqnames(self, seqnames: Union[Sequence[str], np.ndarray], in_place: bool = False) -> GenomicRanges:
+    def set_seqnames(self, seqnames: Sequence[str] | np.ndarray, in_place: bool = False) -> GenomicRanges:
         """Set new sequence names.
 
         Args:
@@ -486,12 +487,12 @@ def set_seqnames(self, seqnames: Union[Sequence[str], np.ndarray], in_place: boo
         return output
 
     @property
-    def seqnames(self) -> Union[Union[np.ndarray, List[str]], np.ndarray]:
+    def seqnames(self) -> np.ndarray | list[str]:
         """Alias for :py:meth:`~get_seqnames`."""
         return self.get_seqnames()
 
     @seqnames.setter
-    def seqnames(self, seqnames: Union[Sequence[str], np.ndarray]):
+    def seqnames(self, seqnames: Sequence[str] | np.ndarray):
         """Alias for :py:meth:`~set_seqnames` with ``in_place = True``.
 
         As this mutates the original object, a warning is raised.
@@ -556,9 +557,7 @@ def ranges(self, ranges: IRanges):
     ######>> strand <<######
     ########################
 
-    def get_strand(
-        self, as_type: Literal["numpy", "factor", "list"] = "numpy"
-    ) -> Union[Tuple[np.ndarray, dict], List[str]]:
+    def get_strand(self, as_type: Literal["numpy", "factor", "list"] = "numpy") -> tuple[np.ndarray, dict] | list[str]:
         """Access strand information.
 
         Args:
@@ -598,7 +597,7 @@ def get_strand(
             raise ValueError("Argument 'as_type' must be 'factor' or 'list'.")
 
     def set_strand(
-        self, strand: Optional[Union[Sequence[str], Sequence[int], np.ndarray]], in_place: bool = False
+        self, strand: Sequence[str] | Sequence[int] | np.ndarray | None, in_place: bool = False
     ) -> GenomicRanges:
         """Set new strand information.
 
@@ -635,7 +634,7 @@ def strand(self) -> np.ndarray:
         return self.get_strand()
 
     @strand.setter
-    def strand(self, strand: Optional[Union[Sequence[str], Sequence[int], np.ndarray]]):
+    def strand(self, strand: Sequence[str] | Sequence[int] | np.ndarray | None):
         """Alias for :py:meth:`~set_strand` with ``in_place = True``.
 
         As this mutates the original object, a warning is raised.
@@ -657,7 +656,7 @@ def get_names(self) -> ut.Names:
         """
         return self._names
 
-    def set_names(self, names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]], in_place: bool = False) -> GenomicRanges:
+    def set_names(self, names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None, in_place: bool = False) -> GenomicRanges:
         """Set new names.
 
         Args:
@@ -688,7 +687,7 @@ def names(self) -> ut.Names:
         return self.get_names()
 
     @names.setter
-    def names(self, names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]]):
+    def names(self, names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None):
         """Alias for :py:meth:`~set_names` with ``in_place = True``.
 
         As this mutates the original object, a warning is raised.
@@ -710,7 +709,7 @@ def get_mcols(self) -> BiocFrame:
         """
         return self._mcols
 
-    def set_mcols(self, mcols: Optional[BiocFrame], in_place: bool = False) -> GenomicRanges:
+    def set_mcols(self, mcols: BiocFrame | None, in_place: bool = False) -> GenomicRanges:
         """Set new range metadata.
 
         Args:
@@ -743,7 +742,7 @@ def mcols(self) -> BiocFrame:
         return self.get_mcols()
 
     @mcols.setter
-    def mcols(self, mcols: Optional[BiocFrame]):
+    def mcols(self, mcols: BiocFrame | None):
         """Alias for :py:meth:`~set_mcols` with ``in_place = True``.
 
         As this mutates the original object, a warning is raised.
@@ -765,7 +764,7 @@ def get_seqinfo(self) -> SeqInfo:
         """
         return self._seqinfo
 
-    def set_seqinfo(self, seqinfo: Optional[SeqInfo], in_place: bool = False) -> GenomicRanges:
+    def set_seqinfo(self, seqinfo: SeqInfo | None, in_place: bool = False) -> GenomicRanges:
         """Set new sequence information.
 
         Args:
@@ -806,7 +805,7 @@ def seqinfo(self) -> np.ndarray:
     @seqinfo.setter
     def seqinfo(
         self,
-        seqinfo: Optional[SeqInfo],
+        seqinfo: SeqInfo | None,
     ):
         """Alias for :py:meth:`~set_seqinfo` with ``in_place = True``.
 
@@ -877,7 +876,7 @@ def get_seqlengths(self) -> np.ndarray:
     ######>> Slicers <<######
     #########################
 
-    def get_subset(self, subset: Union[str, int, bool, Sequence]) -> GenomicRanges:
+    def get_subset(self, subset: str | int | bool | Sequence) -> GenomicRanges:
         """Subset ``GenomicRanges``, based on their indices or names.
 
         Args:
@@ -910,13 +909,13 @@ def get_subset(self, subset: Union[str, int, bool, Sequence]) -> GenomicRanges:
             metadata=self._metadata,
         )
 
-    def __getitem__(self, subset: Union[str, int, bool, Sequence]) -> GenomicRanges:
+    def __getitem__(self, subset: str | int | bool | Sequence) -> GenomicRanges:
         """Alias to :py:attr:`~get_subset`."""
         return self.get_subset(subset)
 
     def set_subset(
         self,
-        args: Union[Sequence, int, str, bool, slice, range],
+        args: Sequence | int | str | bool | slice | range,
         value: GenomicRanges,
         in_place: bool = False,
     ) -> GenomicRanges:
@@ -975,7 +974,7 @@ def set_subset(
 
     def __setitem__(
         self,
-        args: Union[Sequence, int, str, bool, slice, range],
+        args: Sequence | int | str | bool | slice | range,
         value: GenomicRanges,
     ) -> GenomicRanges:
         """Alias to :py:attr:`~set_subset`.
@@ -1158,7 +1157,7 @@ def from_polars(cls, input) -> GenomicRanges:
     def flank(
         self,
         width: int,
-        start: Union[bool, np.ndarray, List[bool]] = True,
+        start: bool | np.ndarray | list[bool] = True,
         both: bool = False,
         ignore_strand: bool = False,
         in_place: bool = False,
@@ -1238,8 +1237,8 @@ def flank(
 
     def resize(
         self,
-        width: Union[int, List[int], np.ndarray],
-        fix: Union[Literal["start", "end", "center"], List[Literal["start", "end", "center"]]] = "start",
+        width: int | list[int] | np.ndarray,
+        fix: Literal["start", "end", "center"] | list[Literal["start", "end", "center"]] = "start",
         ignore_strand: bool = False,
         in_place: bool = False,
     ) -> GenomicRanges:
@@ -1299,7 +1298,7 @@ def resize(
         output._ranges = self._ranges.resize(width=width, fix=fix_arr)
         return output
 
-    def shift(self, shift: Union[int, List[int], np.ndarray] = 0, in_place: bool = False) -> GenomicRanges:
+    def shift(self, shift: int | list[int] | np.ndarray = 0, in_place: bool = False) -> GenomicRanges:
         """Shift all intervals.
 
         Args:
@@ -1383,8 +1382,8 @@ def terminators(self, upstream: int = 2000, downstream: int = 200, in_place: boo
 
     def restrict(
         self,
-        start: Optional[Union[int, Dict[str, int], np.ndarray]] = None,
-        end: Optional[Union[int, Dict[str, int], np.ndarray]] = None,
+        start: int | dict[str, int] | np.ndarray | None = None,
+        end: int | dict[str, int] | np.ndarray | None = None,
         keep_all_ranges: bool = False,
     ) -> GenomicRanges:
         """Restrict ranges to a given start and end positions.
@@ -1565,9 +1564,9 @@ def trim(self, in_place: bool = False) -> GenomicRanges:
 
     def narrow(
         self,
-        start: Optional[Union[int, List[int], np.ndarray]] = None,
-        width: Optional[Union[int, List[int], np.ndarray]] = None,
-        end: Optional[Union[int, List[int], np.ndarray]] = None,
+        start: int | list[int] | np.ndarray | None = None,
+        width: int | list[int] | np.ndarray | None = None,
+        end: int | list[int] | np.ndarray | None = None,
         in_place: bool = False,
     ) -> GenomicRanges:
         """Narrow genomic positions by provided ``start``, ``width`` and ``end`` parameters.
@@ -1742,7 +1741,7 @@ def range(self, with_reverse_map: bool = False, ignore_strand: bool = False) ->
     def gaps(
         self,
         start: int = 1,
-        end: Optional[Union[int, Dict[str, int]]] = None,
+        end: int | dict[str, int] | None = None,
         ignore_strand: bool = False,
     ) -> GenomicRanges:
         """Identify complemented ranges for each distinct (seqname, strand) pair.
@@ -1899,8 +1898,8 @@ def disjoint_bins(self, ignore_strand: bool = False) -> np.ndarray:
         return binned_results
 
     def coverage(
-        self, shift: int = 0, width: Optional[int] = None, weight: int = 1, ignore_strand: bool = True
-    ) -> Dict[str, np.ndarray]:
+        self, shift: int = 0, width: int | None = None, weight: int = 1, ignore_strand: bool = True
+    ) -> dict[str, np.ndarray]:
         """
         Calculate coverage for each chromosome. For each position, this method
         counts the number of ranges that cover it.
@@ -2151,7 +2150,7 @@ def extract_groups_by_seqnames(self):
             groups.append(idx)
         return groups
 
-    def _get_query_common_groups(self, query: GenomicRanges) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
+    def _get_query_common_groups(self, query: GenomicRanges) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
         # smerged = merge_SeqInfo([self._seqinfo, query._seqinfo])
         common_seqlevels = set(self._seqinfo._seqnames).intersection(query._seqinfo._seqnames)
         q_group_idx = [self._seqinfo._seqnames.index(i) for i in common_seqlevels]
@@ -2415,7 +2414,7 @@ def nearest(
         ignore_strand: bool = False,
         num_threads: int = 1,
         adjacent_equals_overlap: bool = True,
-    ) -> Union[np.ndarray, BiocFrame]:
+    ) -> np.ndarray | BiocFrame:
         """Search nearest positions both upstream and downstream that overlap with each range in ``query``.
 
         Args:
@@ -2505,7 +2504,7 @@ def precede(
         select: Literal["all", "first"] = "first",
         ignore_strand: bool = False,
         num_threads: int = 1,
-    ) -> Union[np.ndarray, BiocFrame]:
+    ) -> np.ndarray | BiocFrame:
         """Search nearest positions only downstream that overlap with each range in ``query``.
 
         Args:
@@ -2585,7 +2584,7 @@ def follow(
         select: Literal["all", "last"] = "last",
         ignore_strand: bool = False,
         num_threads: int = 1,
-    ) -> Union[np.ndarray, BiocFrame]:
+    ) -> np.ndarray | BiocFrame:
         """Search nearest positions only upstream that overlap with each range in ``query``.
 
         Args:
@@ -2656,7 +2655,7 @@ def follow(
         else:
             return BiocFrame({"query_hits": final_qhits, "self_hits": final_shits})
 
-    def distance(self, query: Union[GenomicRanges, IRanges]) -> np.ndarray:
+    def distance(self, query: GenomicRanges | IRanges) -> np.ndarray:
         """Compute the pair-wise distance with intervals in query.
 
         Args:
@@ -2723,7 +2722,7 @@ def match(self, query: GenomicRanges, ignore_strand: bool = False) -> np.ndarray
 
         return result
 
-    def _get_ranges_as_list(self) -> List[Tuple[int, int, int]]:
+    def _get_ranges_as_list(self) -> list[tuple[int, int, int]]:
         """Internal method to get ranges as a list of tuples.
 
         Returns:
@@ -2786,7 +2785,7 @@ def sort(self, decreasing: bool = False, in_place: bool = False) -> GenomicRange
         output = self._define_output(in_place)
         return output[list(order)]
 
-    def rank(self) -> List[int]:
+    def rank(self) -> list[int]:
         """Get rank of the ``GenomicRanges`` object.
 
         For each range identifies its position is a sorted order.
@@ -2846,7 +2845,7 @@ def invert_strand(self, in_place: bool = False) -> GenomicRanges:
     ######>> window methods <<######
     ################################
 
-    def tile(self, n: Optional[int] = None, width: Optional[int] = None) -> List[GenomicRanges]:
+    def tile(self, n: int | None = None, width: int | None = None) -> list[GenomicRanges]:
         """Split each interval by ``n`` (number of sub intervals) or ``width`` (intervals with equal width).
 
         Note: Either ``n`` or ``width`` must be provided but not both.
@@ -2891,7 +2890,7 @@ def tile(self, n: Optional[int] = None, width: Optional[int] = None) -> List[Gen
 
         return result
 
-    def sliding_windows(self, width: int, step: int = 1) -> List[GenomicRanges]:
+    def sliding_windows(self, width: int, step: int = 1) -> list[GenomicRanges]:
         """Slide along each range by ``width`` (intervals with equal ``width``) and ``step``.
 
         Also, checkout :py:func:`~genomicranges.io.tiling.tile_genome` for splitting
@@ -2932,9 +2931,9 @@ def sliding_windows(self, width: int, step: int = 1) -> List[GenomicRanges]:
     @classmethod
     def tile_genome(
         cls,
-        seqlengths: Dict[str, int],
-        ntile: Optional[int] = None,
-        tilewidth: Optional[int] = None,
+        seqlengths: dict[str, int],
+        ntile: int | None = None,
+        tilewidth: int | None = None,
         cut_last_tile_in_chrom: bool = False,
     ) -> GenomicRanges:
         """Tile genome into approximately equal-sized regions.
@@ -3123,7 +3122,7 @@ def binned_average(
     ######>> split <<######
     #######################
 
-    def split(self, groups: list) -> "CompressedGenomicRangesList":
+    def split(self, groups: list) -> CompressedGenomicRangesList:
         """Split the `GenomicRanges` object into a :py:class:`~genomicranges.grangeslist.CompressedGenomicRangesList`.
 
         Args:
@@ -3173,7 +3172,7 @@ def empty(cls):
 
     def subtract(
         self, other: GenomicRanges, min_overlap: int = 1, ignore_strand: bool = False
-    ) -> "CompressedGenomicRangesList":
+    ) -> CompressedGenomicRangesList:
         """Subtract searches for features in ``x`` that overlap ``self`` by at least the number of base pairs given by
         ``min_overlap``.
 
diff --git a/src/genomicranges/grangeslist.py b/src/genomicranges/grangeslist.py
index d04b9fe..5c511b8 100644
--- a/src/genomicranges/grangeslist.py
+++ b/src/genomicranges/grangeslist.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 import biocutils as ut
 import numpy as np
@@ -120,8 +121,8 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         unlist_data: GenomicRanges,
         partitioning: Partitioning,
-        element_metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
-        metadata: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], ut.NamedList]] = None,
+        element_metadata: dict | None = None,
+        metadata: dict[str, Any] | ut.NamedList | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
         """Initialize a CompressedIRangesList.
@@ -152,9 +153,9 @@ def __init__(
     @classmethod
     def from_list(
         cls,
-        lst: List[GenomicRanges],
-        names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None,
-        metadata: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], ut.NamedList]] = None,
+        lst: list[GenomicRanges],
+        names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        metadata: dict[str, Any] | ut.NamedList | None = None,
     ) -> CompressedGenomicRangesList:
         """Create a `CompressedIRangesList` from a regular list.
 
@@ -241,8 +242,8 @@ def __str__(self) -> str:
 
         output += f"partitioning: {ut.print_truncated_list(self._partitioning)}\n"
 
-        output += f"element_metadata({str(len(self._element_metadata))} rows): {ut.print_truncated_list(list(self._element_metadata.get_column_names()), sep=' ', include_brackets=False, transform=lambda y: y)}\n"
-        output += f"metadata({str(len(self._metadata))}): {ut.print_truncated_list(list(self._metadata.keys()), sep=' ', include_brackets=False, transform=lambda y: y)}\n"
+        output += f"element_metadata({len(self._element_metadata)!s} rows): {ut.print_truncated_list(list(self._element_metadata.get_column_names()), sep=' ', include_brackets=False, transform=lambda y: y)}\n"
+        output += f"metadata({len(self._metadata)!s}): {ut.print_truncated_list(list(self._metadata.keys()), sep=' ', include_brackets=False, transform=lambda y: y)}\n"
 
         return output
 
@@ -356,9 +357,9 @@ def empty(cls, n: int):
 @splitAsCompressedList.register
 def _(
     data: GenomicRanges,
-    groups_or_partitions: Union[list, Partitioning],
-    names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None,
-    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    groups_or_partitions: list | Partitioning,
+    names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    metadata: dict | None = None,
 ) -> CompressedGenomicRangesList:
     """Handle lists of IRanges objects."""
 
diff --git a/src/genomicranges/io/gtf.py b/src/genomicranges/io/gtf.py
index 3fc0580..3827f14 100644
--- a/src/genomicranges/io/gtf.py
+++ b/src/genomicranges/io/gtf.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import logging
-from typing import Dict, List, Union
 
 # Variation of https://github.com/epiviz/epivizfileserver/src/epivizfileserver/cli.py
 
@@ -8,7 +7,7 @@
 __license__ = "MIT"
 
 
-def _parse_all_attribute(row: str) -> Dict:
+def _parse_all_attribute(row: str) -> dict:
     """Extract all keys from the gtf/gff attribute string.
 
     Args:
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ def _parse_all_attribute(row: str) -> Dict:
 def parse_gtf(
     path: str,
     compressed: bool,
-    skiprows: Union[int, List[int]] = None,
+    skiprows: int | list[int] = None,
     comment: str = "#",
 ):
     """Read a GTF file as :py:class:`~pandas.DataFrame`.
@@ -107,7 +106,7 @@ def parse_gtf(
 
 def read_gtf(
     file: str,
-    skiprows: Union[int, List[int]] = None,
+    skiprows: int | list[int] = None,
     comment: str = "#",
 ) -> "GenomicRanges":
     """Read a GTF file as :py:class:`~genomicranges.GenomicRanges.GenomicRanges`.
diff --git a/src/genomicranges/sequence_info.py b/src/genomicranges/sequence_info.py
index abb23f8..2e5f05d 100644
--- a/src/genomicranges/sequence_info.py
+++ b/src/genomicranges/sequence_info.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from warnings import warn
 
 import biocutils as ut
@@ -81,9 +81,9 @@ class SeqInfo:
     def __init__(
         self,
         seqnames: Sequence[str],
-        seqlengths: Optional[Union[int, Sequence[int], Dict[str, int]]] = None,
-        is_circular: Optional[Union[bool, Sequence[bool], Dict[str, bool]]] = None,
-        genome: Optional[Union[str, Sequence[str], Dict[str, str]]] = None,
+        seqlengths: int | Sequence[int] | dict[str, int] | None = None,
+        is_circular: bool | Sequence[bool] | dict[str, bool] | None = None,
+        genome: str | Sequence[str] | dict[str, str] | None = None,
         validate: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         """
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ def _populate_reverse_seqnames_index(self):
     def _wipe_reverse_seqnames_index(self):
         self._reverse_seqnames = None
 
-    def _flatten_incoming(self, values, expected) -> List:
+    def _flatten_incoming(self, values, expected) -> list:
         if values is None or isinstance(values, expected):
             return [values] * len(self)
 
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ def __str__(self) -> str:
     ######>> seqnames <<######
     ##########################
 
-    def get_seqnames(self) -> List[str]:
+    def get_seqnames(self) -> list[str]:
         """
         Returns:
             List of all chromosome names.
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ def set_seqnames(self, seqnames: Sequence[str], in_place: bool = False) -> "SeqI
         return output
 
     @property
-    def seqnames(self) -> List[str]:
+    def seqnames(self) -> list[str]:
         warn("'seqnames' is deprecated, use 'get_seqnames' instead", UserWarning)
         return self.get_seqnames()
 
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ def seqnames(self, seqnames: Sequence[str]):
     ######>> seqlengths <<######
     ############################
 
-    def get_seqlengths(self) -> List[int]:
+    def get_seqlengths(self) -> list[int]:
         """
         Returns:
             A list of integers is returned containing the lengths of all
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ def get_seqlengths(self) -> List[int]:
 
     def set_seqlengths(
         self,
-        seqlengths: Optional[Union[int, Sequence[int], Dict[str, int]]],
+        seqlengths: int | Sequence[int] | dict[str, int] | None,
         in_place: bool = False,
     ) -> "SeqInfo":
         """
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ def set_seqlengths(
         return output
 
     @property
-    def seqlengths(self) -> List[int]:
+    def seqlengths(self) -> list[int]:
         warn(
             "'seqlengths' is deprecated, use 'get_seqlengths' instead",
             UserWarning,
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ def seqlengths(self) -> List[int]:
         return self.get_seqlengths()
 
     @seqlengths.setter
-    def seqlengths(self, seqlengths: Optional[Union[int, Sequence[int], Dict[str, int]]]):
+    def seqlengths(self, seqlengths: int | Sequence[int] | dict[str, int] | None):
         warn(
             "Setting property 'seqlengths' is an in-place operation, use 'set_seqlengths' instead",
             UserWarning,
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ def seqlengths(self, seqlengths: Optional[Union[int, Sequence[int], Dict[str, in
     ######>> is-circular <<######
     #############################
 
-    def get_is_circular(self) -> List[bool]:
+    def get_is_circular(self) -> list[bool]:
         """
         Returns:
             A list of booleans is returned specifying whether each sequence
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ def get_is_circular(self) -> List[bool]:
 
     def set_is_circular(
         self,
-        is_circular: Optional[Union[bool, Sequence[bool], Dict[str, bool]]],
+        is_circular: bool | Sequence[bool] | dict[str, bool] | None,
         in_place: bool = False,
     ) -> "SeqInfo":
         """
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ def set_is_circular(
         return output
 
     @property
-    def is_circular(self) -> List[bool]:
+    def is_circular(self) -> list[bool]:
         warn(
             "'is_circular' is deprecated, use 'get_is_circular' instead",
             UserWarning,
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ def is_circular(self) -> List[bool]:
         return self.get_is_circular()
 
     @is_circular.setter
-    def is_circular(self, is_circular: Optional[Union[bool, Sequence[bool], Dict[str, bool]]]):
+    def is_circular(self, is_circular: bool | Sequence[bool] | dict[str, bool] | None):
         warn(
             "Setting property 'is_circular' is an in-place operation, use 'set_is_circular' instead",
             UserWarning,
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ def is_circular(self, is_circular: Optional[Union[bool, Sequence[bool], Dict[str
     ######>> genome <<######
     ########################
 
-    def get_genome(self) -> List[str]:
+    def get_genome(self) -> list[str]:
         """
         Returns:
             A list of strings is returned containing the genome identity for
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ def get_genome(self) -> List[str]:
 
     def set_genome(
         self,
-        genome: Optional[Union[str, Sequence[str], Dict[str, str]]],
+        genome: str | Sequence[str] | dict[str, str] | None,
         in_place: bool = False,
     ) -> "SeqInfo":
         """
@@ -514,12 +514,12 @@ def set_genome(
         return output
 
     @property
-    def genome(self) -> List[str]:
+    def genome(self) -> list[str]:
         warn("'genome' is deprecated, use 'get_genome' instead", UserWarning)
         return self.get_genome()
 
     @genome.setter
-    def genome(self, genome: Optional[Union[bool, Sequence[bool], Dict[str, bool]]]):
+    def genome(self, genome: bool | Sequence[bool] | dict[str, bool] | None):
         warn(
             "Setting property 'genome' is an in-place operation, use 'set_genome' instead",
             UserWarning,
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ def __iter__(self) -> SeqInfoIterator:
     ######>> Slicers <<######
     #########################
 
-    def get_subset(self, subset: Union[str, int, bool, Sequence]) -> "SeqInfo":
+    def get_subset(self, subset: str | int | bool | Sequence) -> "SeqInfo":
         """Subset ``SeqInfo``, based on their indices or seqnames.
 
         Args:
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ def get_subset(self, subset: Union[str, int, bool, Sequence]) -> "SeqInfo":
             genome=ut.subset_sequence(self._genome, idx),
         )
 
-    def __getitem__(self, subset: Union[str, int, bool, Sequence]) -> "SeqInfo":
+    def __getitem__(self, subset: str | int | bool | Sequence) -> "SeqInfo":
         """Alias to :py:attr:`~get_subset`."""
         return self.get_subset(subset)
 
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ def _combine_SeqInfo(*x: SeqInfo) -> SeqInfo:
     return merge_SeqInfo(x)
 
 
-def merge_SeqInfo(objects: List[SeqInfo]) -> SeqInfo:
+def merge_SeqInfo(objects: list[SeqInfo]) -> SeqInfo:
     """Merge multiple :py:class:`~SeqInfo` objects, taking the union of all reference sequences. If the same reference
     sequence is present with the same details across ``objects``, only a single instance is present in the final object;
     if details are contradictory, they are replaced with None.
diff --git a/src/genomicranges/utils.py b/src/genomicranges/utils.py
index 1f4e1b3..dcea743 100644
--- a/src/genomicranges/utils.py
+++ b/src/genomicranges/utils.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from itertools import groupby
-from typing import List, Sequence, Union
 
 import biocutils as ut
 import numpy as np
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 REV_STRAND_MAP = {"1": "+", "-1": "-", "0": "*"}
 
 
-def sanitize_strand_vector(strand: Union[Sequence[str], Sequence[int], np.ndarray]) -> np.ndarray:
+def sanitize_strand_vector(strand: Sequence[str] | Sequence[int] | np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
     """Create a numpy representation for ``strand``.
 
     Mapping: 1 for "+" (forward strand), 0 for "*" (any strand) and -1 for "-" (reverse strand).
@@ -79,16 +79,12 @@ def _sanitize_strand_search_ops(query_strand, subject_strand):
     elif query_strand == "-":
         if subject_strand == "+":
             out = None
-        elif subject_strand == "-":
-            out = "-"
-        elif subject_strand == "*":
+        elif subject_strand == "-" or subject_strand == "*":
             out = "-"
     elif query_strand == "*":
         if subject_strand == "*":
             out = "+"
-        elif subject_strand == "-":
-            out = "-"
-        elif subject_strand == "*":
+        elif subject_strand == "-" or subject_strand == "*":
             out = "-"
 
     if out is None:
@@ -97,7 +93,7 @@ def _sanitize_strand_search_ops(query_strand, subject_strand):
     return STRAND_MAP[out]
 
 
-def split_intervals(start: int, end: int, step: int) -> List:
+def split_intervals(start: int, end: int, step: int) -> list:
     """Split an interval range into equal bins.
 
     Args:
@@ -120,7 +116,7 @@ def split_intervals(start: int, end: int, step: int) -> List:
     return bins
 
 
-def slide_intervals(start: int, end: int, width: int, step: int) -> List:
+def slide_intervals(start: int, end: int, width: int, step: int) -> list:
     """Sliding intervals.
 
     Args:
diff --git a/tests/test_gr_basic.py b/tests/test_gr_basic.py
index 1e905e8..04e1dd3 100644
--- a/tests/test_gr_basic.py
+++ b/tests/test_gr_basic.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
     strand=["-", "+", "+", "*", "*", "+", "+", "+", "-", "-"],
     mcols=BiocFrame(
         {
-            "score": range(0, 10),
+            "score": range(10),
             "GC": [random() for _ in range(10)],
         }
     ),
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ def test_slices():
         strand=["-", "+", "+", "*", "*", "+", "+", "+", "-", "-"],
         mcols=BiocFrame(
             {
-                "score": range(0, 10),
+                "score": range(10),
                 "GC": [random() for _ in range(10)],
             }
         ),
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ def test_combine():
         strand=["*", "-", "-", "*", "*", "+", "+", "+", "-", "-"],
         mcols=BiocFrame(
             {
-                "score": range(0, 10),
+                "score": range(10),
                 "GC": [random() for _ in range(10)],
             }
         ),
diff --git a/tests/test_gr_binnedAvg.py b/tests/test_gr_binnedAvg.py
index db4c371..7dd0998 100644
--- a/tests/test_gr_binnedAvg.py
+++ b/tests/test_gr_binnedAvg.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-from genomicranges import GenomicRanges
+from random import random
+
 from biocframe import BiocFrame
 from iranges import IRanges
-from random import random
+
+from genomicranges import GenomicRanges
 
 __author__ = "jkanche"
 __copyright__ = "jkanche"
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@
     strand=["*", "-", "-", "*", "*", "+", "+", "+", "-", "-"],
     mcols=BiocFrame(
         {
-            "score": range(0, 10),
+            "score": range(10),
             "GC": [random() for _ in range(10)],
         }
     ),
diff --git a/tests/test_gr_coverage.py b/tests/test_gr_coverage.py
index d1cc86d..23c2390 100644
--- a/tests/test_gr_coverage.py
+++ b/tests/test_gr_coverage.py
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-from genomicranges.GenomicRanges import GenomicRanges
-from iranges import IRanges
-from biocframe import BiocFrame
 from random import random
+
 import numpy as np
+from biocframe import BiocFrame
+from iranges import IRanges
+
+from genomicranges.GenomicRanges import GenomicRanges
 
 __author__ = "jkanche"
 __copyright__ = "jkanche"
diff --git a/tests/test_gr_initialize.py b/tests/test_gr_initialize.py
index 67bea71..a352d74 100644
--- a/tests/test_gr_initialize.py
+++ b/tests/test_gr_initialize.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def test_create_gr():
         strand=["-", "+", "+", "*", "*", "+", "+", "+", "-", "-"],
         mcols=BiocFrame(
             {
-                "score": range(0, 10),
+                "score": range(10),
                 "GC": [random() for _ in range(10)],
             }
         ),
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ def test_create_gr_with_seqnames():
 
     gr16 = GenomicRanges(
         seqnames=[f"chr{i}" for i in range(500)],
-        ranges=IRanges(start=range(0, 500), width=range(10, 510)),
+        ranges=IRanges(start=range(500), width=range(10, 510)),
     )
 
     assert gr16 is not None
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ def test_create_gr_with_seqnames():
 
     gr32 = GenomicRanges(
         seqnames=[f"chr{i}" for i in range(2**16 + 1)],
-        ranges=IRanges(start=range(0, 2**16 + 1), width=range(10, 2**16 + 11)),
+        ranges=IRanges(start=range(2**16 + 1), width=range(10, 2**16 + 11)),
     )
 
     assert gr32 is not None
diff --git a/tests/test_gr_initialize_pandas.py b/tests/test_gr_initialize_pandas.py
index 4adaa40..f6858b9 100644
--- a/tests/test_gr_initialize_pandas.py
+++ b/tests/test_gr_initialize_pandas.py
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-import pytest
-from genomicranges import GenomicRanges
-from biocframe import BiocFrame
 from random import random
+
 import pandas as pd
+import pytest
+from biocframe import BiocFrame
+
+from genomicranges import GenomicRanges
 
 __author__ = "jkanche"
 __copyright__ = "jkanche"
@@ -35,7 +37,7 @@ def test_from_pandas_should_fail():
             "starts": range(100, 110),
             "ends": range(110, 120),
             "strand": ["-", "+", "+", "*", "*", "+", "+", "+", "-", "-"],
-            "score": range(0, 10),
+            "score": range(10),
             "GC": [random() for _ in range(10)],
         }
     )
diff --git a/tests/test_gr_initialize_polars.py b/tests/test_gr_initialize_polars.py
index 2cec9f8..237c4e0 100644
--- a/tests/test_gr_initialize_polars.py
+++ b/tests/test_gr_initialize_polars.py
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-import pytest
-from genomicranges import GenomicRanges
-from iranges import IRanges
-from biocframe import BiocFrame
 from random import random
+
 import polars as pl
+import pytest
+from biocframe import BiocFrame
+from iranges import IRanges
+
+from genomicranges import GenomicRanges
 
 __author__ = "jkanche"
 __copyright__ = "jkanche"
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ def test_from_polars_should_fail():
             "starts": range(100, 110),
             "ends": range(110, 120),
             "strand": ["-", "+", "+", "*", "*", "+", "+", "+", "-", "-"],
-            "score": range(0, 10),
+            "score": range(10),
             "GC": [random() for _ in range(10)],
         }
     )
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ def test_to_polars_complex():
         strand=["-", "+", "+", "*", "*", "+", "+", "+", "-", "-"],
         mcols=BiocFrame(
             {
-                "score": range(0, 10),
+                "score": range(10),
                 "GC": [random() for _ in range(10)],
             }
         ),
diff --git a/tests/test_gr_interrange.py b/tests/test_gr_interrange.py
index 98a5878..557a3fb 100644
--- a/tests/test_gr_interrange.py
+++ b/tests/test_gr_interrange.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def test_reduce_with_contigs():
         strand=["*", "-", "*", "+", "-"],
         mcols=BiocFrame(
             {
-                "score": range(0, 5),
+                "score": range(5),
                 "GC": [random() for _ in range(5)],
             }
         ),
diff --git a/tests/test_gr_misc.py b/tests/test_gr_misc.py
index 9ec5a45..d0eedff 100644
--- a/tests/test_gr_misc.py
+++ b/tests/test_gr_misc.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-from genomicranges.GenomicRanges import GenomicRanges
 from random import random
-from iranges import IRanges
+
 from biocframe import BiocFrame
+from iranges import IRanges
+
+from genomicranges.GenomicRanges import GenomicRanges
 
 __author__ = "jkanche"
 __copyright__ = "jkanche"
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@
     strand=["*", "-", "*", "+", "-"],
     mcols=BiocFrame(
         {
-            "score": range(0, 5),
+            "score": range(5),
             "GC": [random() for _ in range(5)],
         }
     ),
diff --git a/tests/test_gr_other.py b/tests/test_gr_other.py
index ca9dc8d..7e35013 100644
--- a/tests/test_gr_other.py
+++ b/tests/test_gr_other.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 from random import random
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from biocframe import BiocFrame
 from iranges import IRanges
 
 from genomicranges.GenomicRanges import GenomicRanges
-import pytest
 
 __author__ = "jkanche"
 __copyright__ = "jkanche"
diff --git a/tests/test_gr_overlaps.py b/tests/test_gr_overlaps.py
index b0752ea..488b7b3 100644
--- a/tests/test_gr_overlaps.py
+++ b/tests/test_gr_overlaps.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
     strand=["-", "+", "+", "*", "*", "+", "+", "+", "-", "-"],
     mcols=BiocFrame(
         {
-            "score": range(0, 10),
+            "score": range(10),
             "GC": [random() for _ in range(10)],
         }
     ),
diff --git a/tests/test_gr_seqInfo_trim.py b/tests/test_gr_seqInfo_trim.py
index d6b507e..4416379 100644
--- a/tests/test_gr_seqInfo_trim.py
+++ b/tests/test_gr_seqInfo_trim.py
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-from genomicranges.sequence_info import SeqInfo
 from random import random
-from genomicranges.GenomicRanges import GenomicRanges
-from iranges import IRanges
-from biocframe import BiocFrame
+
 import numpy as np
+from biocframe import BiocFrame
+from iranges import IRanges
+
+from genomicranges.GenomicRanges import GenomicRanges
+from genomicranges.sequence_info import SeqInfo
 
 __author__ = "jkanche"
 __copyright__ = "jkanche"
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@
     strand=["*", "-", "*", "+", "-"],
     mcols=BiocFrame(
         {
-            "score": range(0, 5),
+            "score": range(5),
             "GC": [random() for _ in range(5)],
         }
     ),
diff --git a/tests/test_gr_set_ops.py b/tests/test_gr_set_ops.py
index 2722df8..dc03a25 100644
--- a/tests/test_gr_set_ops.py
+++ b/tests/test_gr_set_ops.py
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-from genomicranges.GenomicRanges import GenomicRanges
 from random import random
-from iranges import IRanges
-from biocframe import BiocFrame
+
 import numpy as np
+from biocframe import BiocFrame
+from iranges import IRanges
+
+from genomicranges.GenomicRanges import GenomicRanges
 
 __author__ = "jkanche"
 __copyright__ = "jkanche"
@@ -110,7 +112,7 @@ def test_intersect_complex():
         strand=["*", "-", "-", "*", "*", "+", "+", "+", "-", "-"],
         mcols=BiocFrame(
             {
-                "score": range(0, 10),
+                "score": range(10),
                 "GC": [random() for _ in range(10)],
             }
         ),
diff --git a/tests/test_gr_subtract.py b/tests/test_gr_subtract.py
index 7f24f32..4eceec8 100644
--- a/tests/test_gr_subtract.py
+++ b/tests/test_gr_subtract.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 from iranges import IRanges
 
-from genomicranges import GenomicRanges, CompressedGenomicRangesList
+from genomicranges import CompressedGenomicRangesList, GenomicRanges
 
 __author__ = "jkanche"
 __copyright__ = "jkanche"
diff --git a/tests/test_gr_to_grl.py b/tests/test_gr_to_grl.py
index d964acf..361bfcc 100644
--- a/tests/test_gr_to_grl.py
+++ b/tests/test_gr_to_grl.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
     strand=["*", "-", "-", "*", "*", "+", "+", "+", "-", "-"],
     mcols=BiocFrame(
         {
-            "score": range(0, 10),
+            "score": range(10),
             "GC": [random() for _ in range(10)],
         }
     ),
diff --git a/tests/test_ucsc.py b/tests/test_ucsc.py
index 673a0dc..24949a8 100644
--- a/tests/test_ucsc.py
+++ b/tests/test_ucsc.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import pytest
+
 import genomicranges
 
 __author__ = "jkanche"