docs: add authorization schema reference

[mariajgrimaldi]

Description

Developers and site operators need one practical reference for building and extending the Open edX Authorization schema. This PR documents the schema fields, naming conventions, application and Tutor examples, and the command used to check the resulting permissions. It also links the reference from ADR 0017 and ADR 0023 so readers can move from the decisions to the configuration details.

Merge checklist:
Check off if complete or not applicable:

• Version bumped
• Changelog record added
• Documentation updated (not only docstrings)
• Fixup commits are squashed away
• Unit tests added/updated
• Manual testing instructions provided
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[BryanttV]

Thanks for adding this reference, it's very comprehensive and really useful. My only suggestion would be to use Python modules instead of YAML for the Tutor plugin example.

[rodmgwgu]

I see that references are not being rendered as links, not sure what's the expected behavior here?

[rodmgwgu]

Schema looks great, just a nit on how the schema is rendered in the docs, but if that's expected then I'm good with this.

I would like to use the schema as part of the validation strategy on the code implementation.